Aboliton Presentation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 959 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Sociology Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Building a bigger jail was not help in correcting the behavior of prisoners who did not even deserve to be in prison. The bigger jail meant that the number of prisoners was to be increased but what was more worrying was the procedure in which they were arrested and charged. The charges were based on reasons that were not justified in law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aboliton Presentation" essay for you Create order Instead of the USA government looking at the main causes of big populations in jails they were concerned with building a bigger jail to contain the law breakers, they were busy trying to look for ways of increasing the number of prisoners. Their charges should be based on individualsmisconducts but not political or ideological differences. Prisons should be places to correct those who go wrong or those who go against public policy for their own selfish gains. Race gender and class should not be the determinants of who should be in prison and who should be free but rather individual violation of the law should be the one that should be taken in to account (Dumas, 2016). The prisons in USA were full of people who were criminalized without genuine reasons since in most cases women from minority groups formed the largest populations in those prisons. Discrimination amongst the women saw most of the women of color going to prison. Men were considered as special beings that were easy to re form through religious study and work. Instead of loving the families of the prisoners, they were despised and ignored. Human life is more crucial and should be treated with dignity to enhance quality life. Oppression, discrimination and domination are the major problems that prisoners were facing in jail. The most ironical in this case is that the bigger jail was meant to be built to contain the most vulnerable population such as pregnant women who need care and affection. It is thus important for the government to address the issues resulting to prisonersincrement rather than looking for ways of accommodating in bigger jails. The bigger jail should be built to ease congestion for the already available prisoners but not for containing more prisoners. People should be imprisoned on genuine cause in order to make sure that the populations of prisoners were checked. The resources that would have been committed in constructing the bigger jail and also maintaining those prisons should have been used in rehabilitating the prisoners in order to correct their behaviors. Several issues have been raised in the paper that shows how prisoners and prisons benefited the government. The criminalized could be used for free and cheap labor for the government and the money that was made pay for the labor was drained into personal pockets. Rights of the prisoners were also destroyed since they could not be able to undertake some important things like education while in prison. Visiting the prisoners in jails was another way of reaping the poor off their resources since they could spend substantial amounts of resources and ti me to pay visits to their loved ones. The problem of life in prisons was so unbearable to the prisoners and they always struggled to survive. Based on race, gender, class and sexuality women faced fierce circumstances than men since men were always considered to be more superior to women. White women were treated much better than Latino and black women and that is what accounted for bigger numbers of Latino and black women in prisons. According to Gianesini et al 2015, abolitionists have contributed much in the attaining of equality and order in USA because they have ever been working around the clock to make sure that some of the atrocities that were committed towards minority groups stopped. Discrimination based on race, gender and class has drastically reduced in the USA as a result of the abolitionist. They have tried to make people aware of the possible economic, political and social costs that were likely to be incurred by countries which were dominated by the culture of racism and discrimination. Through their efforts, women in the USA have found and taken their place in the society. The abolitionists thought that constructing of a bigger jail would not mean well for the black Americana, women and the poor since the rich would take advantage and always be reaping from the most disadvantaged in the society. They advocated for the government to seek for ways of addressing the problems that resulted to too man y prisoners being in jail. They argued that, once the causes of people going to prisons were addressed, there will be no need for a bigger jail to contain more prisoners but rather it would ease congestion in the already existing prisoners. The limitations to the abolitionistsproposal were the ignorance by the government to listen to their voices due to the benefits that the government intended to get from the whole project. Due to persistence and resilience, the government had no alternative other than starting to practice what was being proposed by the abolitionists. References Dumas, P. E. (2016). Proslavery Politics after Abolition. In? Proslavery Britain? (pp. 143-162). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Dumas, P. E. (2016). Proslavery Politics after Abolition. In? Proslavery Britain? (pp. 143-162). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Gianesini, S., Menegatti, E., Zuolo, M., Tessari, M., Spath, P., Ascanelli, S., Zamboni, P. (2015). Laser-assisted strategy for reflux abolition in a modified CHIVA approach.? Veins and Lymphatics,? 4(2). Gianesini, S., Menegatti, E., Zuolo, M., Tessari, M., Spath, P., Ascanelli, S., Zamboni, P. (2015). Laser-assisted strategy for reflux abolition in a modified CHIVA approach.? Veins and Lymphatics,? 4(2). Tsiachris, D., Silberbauer, J., Maccabelli, G., Oloriz, T., Baratto, F., Mizuno, H., Guarracini, F. (2015). Electroanatomical voltage and morphology characteristics in post-infarction patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia ablation: a pragmatic approach favoring late potentials abolition.? Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, CIRCEP-114.

Walt Disney A Key to Childhood Hearts - 2466 Words

You walk into the living room, and you hear the famous Disney music coming from the television that your child is placed in front of. You start to wonder where did your favorite Disney movies come from and how were they created? What was Walt Disney’s childhood like when he was younger that made him want to animate and put together cartoons and movies? Where did his career start off from and how did he get to such a place? But the important question, who took over after Walt Disney passed? These are some questions that one would set out to look more upon of Walt Disney. Through research in Walt Disney: A Key to Childhood Hearts, it will show you what Walt Disney was really like. On December 5th. 1901 in the town of Chicago, Illinois a baby boy was born with the name of Walter Elias Disney, or as we know, Walt Disney. Growing up as a child Walt’s father, Elias, was a very strict and religious man. His father would physically beat him and his siblings if any sort of toys, drawings, or any type of entertainment was found around the house. His wife, Flora, feared him too. When Walt was born his father was a construction worker and his mother a stay at home mom to five Disney children. His father later then took up a farm in Marceline, Missouri where they then moved to. Walter always loved all the animals on the farm and felt like they were his friends. These animals were his entertainment and a way to get away from his father. They were living very happily on the farm untilShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Company : The World s Greatest Theme Parks1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Company was founded by Walter Elias Disney in 1923. Its headquarters is located in Burbank, CA. Walt Disney is one of the best-known companies in entertainment. 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Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders of Australia

Question: Describe about the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders of Australia. Answer: Part A: a) The Aboriginals, like Brad now is suffering from social exclusion, police arrest and harassment by the police. He is also addicted to alcohol and drug. However, he is unwilling to take any help from the government. Being Aborigines by origin, he has been removed from his land, family and culture in an early age. Land, family and culture is of immense importance to Brad and other the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people. Social structuring in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people is based on the relationships between people. This structuring is also termed as kinship system (Attwood et al. 2015). A composite kinship exists where each member of the tribe is related to every other member of the group. In the kinship system, each person is named in accordance to the relation to the one another. Aboriginal had been moved to missionaries where they were not allowed to speak their own languages and follow their cultural practices. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island folks were forcefully removed from their traditional land and from hunting and gathering of foods (Beresford, Partington and Gower 2012). Brad is also among them who have been forcefully removed from his land and family. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people, like Brad, still live under poor socio-economic conditions including homelessness and poverty. Adverse government policies have Brad avert to take help from governmental organizations (Beresford, Partington and Gower 2012). b) The Aboriginal culture is very different from the culture of an average Australian. A caseworker should be aware of his own culture which is dormant within himself. Aboriginal culture is very different from the set of culture that is followed by an average Australian. Awareness about the culture of the average Australian and aboriginal culture will help to serve better service towards Brad. A direct eye contact is polite according to an average Australian but interpreted as admonishing in the Aboriginal society. Language again shows the difference in culture. An aboriginal like Brad often tend to say yes to questions they are unable to interpret the meaning. Again, the Aboriginals maintain direct link between abstract and concrete reality. This link often get reflected in their thought process. However, an average Australian culture shows no such link between the abstract and the real world. Each language uses its own metaphors and imagery, which cannot be translated to other lang uages. This leaves space for miscommunication (Geia, Hayes and Usher 2013). According to Aboriginal culture, it is considered impolite to contradict directly the proposition of the speaker. Thus, some Aboriginal clients including Brad respond in accordance to what the speaker wants to hear. Shyness is another factor which keep Brad including other Aboriginal to remain silent even in pain. c) Knowledge about the history, language and culture of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community helps a caseworker to provide support to Brad. Brad, who belongs to the Aboriginal community is depressed and under the influence of drug. Addressing Brads problems with cultural competence would increase acceptability of the services provided. A service that will help to build clinical and therapeutic relationship with Brad might help him. Adopting strategies that are culturally compatible to Brad will help him. A non-traditional way of providing service to Brad might help him to overcome his depressions and poor mental health (Brimblecombe et al. 2014). 2: Brad is an Indigenous client of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community. Aboriginal family and the kinship system are the main forces that bind the Aboriginal people together. This supports them both psychologically and emotionally. An aboriginal caseworker, being a part of the aboriginal community, works with the clients even after working hours. Sometimes they feel obligated to share their resources with the members of the Aboriginal family. As an Aboriginal caseworker, one should understand the concept of the kinship structure in the Aboriginal tribes. The traditional structure of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people including Brad is different from the family structure of the Western world (Browne-Yung et al. 2013). Aboriginal people respect their elders and their experiences. A good link with the representatives of the Aboriginal community not only creates referrals for the families but also enhances accessibility (Burridge 2014). A caseworker needs to und erstand the effect of Government policies and thus remove the misconceptions of the community. 3: The two key organizations that can help Brad and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community are discussed below: Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC) is a non-governmental and national childcare body of Australia, that takes care of the interest of the Aboriginal children and their families. The organizations functionality include crches, child-care service, pre-school and early child-hood education, family-support services and family group homes (Clendinnen 2012). The objective of the organization is to early childhood development in Aboriginal society. It also works towards elimination of poverty among Aboriginals and help them to confront poverty. They also promote awareness among the public to protect the Torres Strait Island children from being removed from their families forcibly. In our context, the client, Brad, has been removed forcefully from his family and community right in his childhood. The Healing Foundation is an independent organization that works for the aboriginals. The aim of this program is to ensure that to build cultural strength and develop skills of the workers (Dudgeon, Milroy and Walker 2014). The healing programmes include education and training to the children to build a workforce within the community. Brad is now under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Healing Foundation can also help Brad to get out of such hazardous health conditions and help him to lead normal life. 4: While considering the plight of the Aboriginal community, Brad, it is important to understand the framework of the Australian Aboriginal history. In the post colonization period the population has declined rapidly and by 1920s the number fell to 60,000. Hence, European colonization had a far-reaching effect on the Aboriginal society. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were forced to move from their traditional land and from hunting and gathering of foods. Brad is also among them who have been forcefully removed from his land and family. Resistance to such activity gave rise to violence. Many Aboriginal had been moved to missionaries where they were not allowed to speak their own languages and follow their cultural practices. Laws were enacted to separate the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people from other Australians (Duthie, King and Mays 2014). These laws also restricted the rights provided to Brad. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island workers were also prevent ed from keeping any kind of contact with their families. Thus, many lost their languages and cultural identity (Eades 2013). 5: The practice of removing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children existed right from the period of British colonization. A national enquiry revealed the fact that this practice has been carried with the aim of segregating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children from their unique culture and identity (Geia, Hayes and Usher 2013). Brad is also being isolated from his land, culture and community right from his childhood. Now he is under influence of drug and other health hazards. It is also evident that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island folks, like Brad, still live under poor socio-economic conditions including homelessness and poverty. All these factors together contributed poor physical health and depression of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community (Gubhaju 2013). According to a study made by the National Health Survey, 29% of the adults in the in the risky zone of alcohol consumption (Hopkins, Taylor and Zubrick 2013). They are even prone to consump tion of drugs, which is also a cause for ill health as is the present state of Brad. 6: Connection with integrated family and culture, daily interaction between extended family members and cultural programs promoting their original identity are three different ways to provide these services to the Aboriginal community. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children were removed forcefully from their families and land at an early age. Thus, providing facilities to these children so that they can spend more time with the members of their extended family help them to recognize their culture and tradition. In Australia, a growing number of children are under residential care. This is beneficial as it provides stability to the young and the children (Eades 2013). According to a census made by the Australian government the population of the Aboriginal society is increasing in each passing year. Aboriginal have a short life span. Aboriginals are more affected by aging because of their poor health. Planning to provide residential services to aged over 50 years is required. Many NGOs and other organization are trying to provide health and care support to the aged Aboriginals. Aboriginals give high respect to their elders. Hence, these elders can act as a key to reach and understand the Aboriginal culture. Providing service and helping them at their old age will diminish the gap between the Australians and the Aboriginal society. Residential care is also provided to the young people of the Aboriginal society. Targeted residential service is provided to the young generation of the Aboriginal society in accordance with their age. They were given education and training to join the work force, which will improve their social and psychological functionality. Indigenous society members need care for their extended family. The Aboriginals are usually very poor. The youth are often over-burdened with the family responsibility, which in turn might cause of mental and physical ill health. Including them in the work force and providing them with job will keep them engaged and keep them away from depression. 7: a) What has gone wrong: Accessible services are those that are available physically, economically affordable, and culturally acceptable. If the service provider that is Wings does not give respect and acknowledgement to the cultural factors and economic constraints, physical barriers would exist in providing the services to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community. Charging fees for the services provided prevent poor Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island folks and Brad from accessing the service (Johnson, Nguyen and Roco 2013). Economic and financial backwardness prevents them from accessing the service. Time constraint can also act as a barrier to provide service to Brad and other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island tribe. Chronic and complicated problems requires more consultation time. This problem can also be enhanced by health illiteracy. A pure and highly structured programs accepted by Wings fails to acknowledge and show respect to the Indigenous culture and well-being. This acts as a barrier in providing service to Brad and other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people. Indigenous cultures are different from the non-Indigenous culture. Assuming that fluency in English implies good and effective communication often acts as a barrier to the service provider, Wings. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island including Brad have their own languages often are reluctant to accept any other language as their own. The service provider, Wings has ignored importance of kinship system in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island society. This can act as a communication gap between Brad and other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island folks. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island clan including Brad are strongly bonded with their family members and extended family members. Kinship system is a integral part of the Aboriginal society. Many Aboriginal had been moved to missionaries where they were not allowed to speak their own languages and follow their cultural practices. b) Why has it gone wrong: Studies have revealed that Indigenous health hazards are the effects of post colonization. Brad who is a part of the Aboriginal and Indigenous community is addicted to drug have different health hazards. Past injustice and adverse government policies often make the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander reluctant to avail the services provided by Wings. Forced removal of children, fear of relocation of families are the factors that prevent Brad from taking help from Wings. Shame and shyness also have negative impact on accepting services from Indigenous organizations like Wings. There are many causes for the feeling of shame. It sometimes originates from being singled out from the immediate society. Shame is often the chief reason behind the the Aboriginal and Indigenous folks and Brad in not attending specific health programs. Again shame from having talked down and subject to harsh behavior and judgments on different parental and child rearing practices, low self-esteem, and lack of confidence often prohibit them from getting the available services. Indigenous service providers also often fail to provide service to all without making any discrimination. It is evident that the number of non-indigenous clients is more than the number of indigenous clients. Shyness is also a factor that obstructs the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people like Brad to access the services (Lowe and Yunkaporta 2013). The reluctance to interact with the service provider due to perceived social distance and difference in power between the service providers, Wings and Indigenous people, Brad often manifest into inhibition towards accessing the service. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also suffered from sexual abuse and physical torture. They were also forced as domestic workers and laborers. Aboriginal and the Indigenous workers were also prevented from keeping any kind of contact with their families. Thus, many lost their languages and cultural identity. c) What needs to change: A wide range of strategies are under taken to improve and hence overcome the hindrance caused by different issues which prevents Brad and other the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people to access the services. Thorough analyses of the factors could provide for an affirmative step. Physical availability, appropriateness, affordability and acceptability are some the factors that should be taken into account to improve and undertake positive steps towards accessibility of the services provided. Several authors attempts to find out the reasons that are need to be changed to increase the availability of the services. Only the physical presence does not assure that the health services are provided to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people, Brad. Economic backwardness and high cost related to the services provided often obstruct them from actually providing the service. Complicated and complex issues combined with high cost make the health services unaffordable (Maclean et al. 2013). Services provided should be non-discriminatory and comprehensive by nature. The degree of acceptability of the service often depends on the respect and acknowledgement of the culture of the community as a whole. The services provided by Wings are often culturally sensitive to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people and Brad. A cross-cultural miscommunication exists between the Indigenous clients and the service provider (Malaspinas 2016). Language and barriers to communication obstruct the Aboriginal client Brad from availing the services. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also suffered from sexual abuse and physical torture. Power imbalance is another factor which needs to be changed. They were also forced as domestic workers and laborers. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workers were also prevented from keeping any kind of contact with their families. d) How can it be changed: In the scenario of long-run effects of colonization, injustice in the past and societal racism, Wings need to take special measures to develop a culturally acceptable and secure service for Brad and other the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Some of the strategies like: Involving the Aboriginal community people in the framing and delivering of the services. Show respect to the Aboriginal relationships and gender biased behavior rules Undertake flexible and coordinated services. Design health oriented programs that are drafted by the Indigenous community and are appropriate to their culture Engage Indigenous staff in non-Indigenous activity Train a non-Indigenous staff in accordance to culture that prevailed in the Indigenous society. Specific health programs to serve the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health problems. Wings can provide culturally acceptable health services to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community (Markwick 2014). These programs generally run by the Indigenous communities are aimed at providing multi-disciplinary health services. Training the non-Indigenous and making them culturally compatible to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people will ensure better quality of the service provided. A non-Indigenous people require knowing about the imbalances that exist between a health professional and the client. Adopting cross-communication skills are also crucial for improving the services provided to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people. Flexible programs are more successful as they can attract people that are more indigenous. Indigenous societies have clear demarcation of gender to avoid interaction between males and females or between different groups/kin. Indigenous people refuse to accept the services, which breaches this rule. Hence, going by the gender p rotocol helps to improve the services provided to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island community (McWhirter 2014). Trust and understanding are the fundamental pillars of making the services effective and accessible. Working with the elderly people in the Indigenous society is extremely important, as it is useful to build the level of trust. 8: a) Indigenous Australians have different cultural models, which includes language and communication. Evidence showed that health professional often fails to comprehend the language of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Hence, a communication gap exists. Direct eye contact is considered polite in the Western culture, but in Indigenous culture, it is interpreted as admonishing someone. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people stay silent while in pain during treatment, as they were unable to comprehend fully the language of the non-Indigenous professional (Montagu 2013). Avoiding such situation will help the people from the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island society. In the Aboriginal and Torres Strait, society gives respect to the elders for their experience and wisdom. Elders are considered to have highest spiritual and cultural knowledge. These aged people of the Aboriginal society can only ensure that the services delivered are relevant culturally (Nguyen and Cairney 2013). Communication with these elders will help the non-Indigenous to understand the culture of the aboriginals. Arranging to serve the Aboriginals through flexible health oriented program will attract the Aboriginal community people to accept the services provided. More time is given while consulting with the Aboriginal clients having chronic health issues. This will help the service provider to understand the culture and characteristics of the Aboriginal society. b) Kinship is a fundamental feature of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait society. A child might not be living in the same address at the time of next appointment. Therefore, an Aboriginal should visit the kin to make sure that they have clearly understood the process of treatment. It is essential to understand the value of kin in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait society (Pickering 2014). Gender discrimination is given extreme importance in the Aboriginal and the Indigenous society. It involves about choosing the appropriate gender to discuss certain issues related to health. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait females feel it inappropriate to share health related issues to male non-Indigenous worker (Pillans and Fifield 2013). 9: a) Cultural safety is to fabricate an environment where the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island society can be provided health services in a culturally compatible manner. Cultural competent service is to maintain sensitive and efficacious health care behaviours. To improve the outcomes of the health service provided, Wings should be conscious about the direct and indirect impact of racism in the Aboriginal society (Sherwood 2013). To learn and gather knowledge about the customs and social behavoir of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait society is important to understand, as it would make Wings services culturally competent. b) Client participation is essential in providing service to the culturally Aboriginal society, as it would enhance the process of building trust and respect for their culture. To improve health services to the Aboriginal society, the staffs construct a level of trust. The Aboriginal society gives immense respect to their elders (Young et al. 2013). A link established through them can help the workers to make their services more acceptable. Involving the elders will also help Wings workers to better, understand the culture of the community. c) As an organization Wings has developed culturally compatible policies and methods while dealing with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait individuals. Wings has consulted with the Indigenous community representatives, leaders and service workers while fabricating strategies to enhance the service delivery. Wings incorporates cultural diversity among the staffs with culturally compatible policies and strategies (Montagu 2012). Wings also analyses the extent to which it can adopt and reflect the needs of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait islanders. Wings has also incorporated the cultural knowledge in planning and delivery of their services. 10: The Aborigines and Torres Strait Island people suffer from extreme economic backwardness in the post colonization period. The rate of unemployment of the Aborigines and Torres Strait Island people has increased constantly since 1990s. Skill deficit, low level of education contributed to this low level of unemployment for long period. The rate of participation is also lower in case of Indigenous people. A long-term unemployment might lead to poor physical and mental health. Poverty is also associated with long run unemployment. Workers unemployed for a long time often tend to lose their skills. This makes them all the more difficult for them to re-enter the work force. Long run unemployment makes the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders forget the skills they have acquired in the process. Employers, hence, tends to screen them against more skilled labour. Low level of education, outdated skills and skills related to declining industries all contributed to the long-term unemploym ent (Dudgeon, Milroy and Walker 2014). Long-term unemployment is one of the major reasons behind poverty and economic backwardness in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island society. Specific and chronic diseases are also associated with long-run unemployment. Mental illness and depression are all effects of long-term unemployment. Depression often leads to addiction to drug and other substances. Unemployment also contributed to the alienation of a huge number of young adults. Social exclusion is an effect of long-run unemployment. Social exclusion in the form of police arrest and harassment, low social and civic engagement, high consumption rate of alcohol and drug are some of the impact shown by long run unemployment. Cultural aspects also play a vital role in eradicating poverty and unemployment in the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders society. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also suffered from sexual abuse and physical torture. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Isla nd workers were also prevented from keeping any kind of contact with their families (Beresford, Partington and Gower 2012). Thus, many lost their languages and cultural identity which in turn increases long-run unemployment. References: Attwood, B., Burrage, W., Burrage, A. and Stokie, E., 2015.A life together, a life apart: a history of relations between Europeans and Aborigines. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. Beresford, Q., Partington, G. and Gower, G. eds., 2012.Reform and resistance in Aboriginal education. Sussex Academic Press. Brimblecombe, J., Maypilama, E., Colles, S., Scarlett, M., Dhurrkay, J.G., Ritchie, J. and ODea, K., 2014. Factors influencing food choice in an Australian Aboriginal community.Qualitative health research, p.1049732314521901. Browne-Yung, K., Ziersch, A., Baum, F. and Gallaher, G., 2013. Aboriginal Australians' experience of social capital and its relevance to health and wellbeing in urban settings.Social Science Medicine,97, pp.20-28. Browne-Yung, K., Ziersch, A., and Gallaher, G., 2013. Aboriginal Australians' experience of social capital and its relevance to health and wellbeing in urban settings.Social Science Medicine,97, pp.20-28. Burridge, K., 2014.Encountering Aborigines: a case study: anthropology and the Australian Aboriginal. Elsevier. Clendinnen, I., 2012.Dancing with strangers: the true history of the meeting of the British first fleet and the Aboriginal Australians, 1788. Canongate Books. Dudgeon, P., Milroy, H. and Walker, R., 2014. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice.Pat. Dudgeon, P., and Walker, R., 2014. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice.Pat. Duthie, D., King, J. and Mays, J., 2014. Raising awareness of Australian Aboriginal peoples reality: Embedding Aboriginal knowledge in social work education through the use of field experiences.International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives,12(1). Eades, D., 2013. Misunderstanding Aboriginal English: The role of sociocultural context.Aboriginal ways of using English, p.46. Geia, L.K., Hayes, B. and Usher, K., 2013. Yarning/Aboriginal storytelling: towards an understanding of an Indigenous perspective and its implications for research practice.Contemporary nurse,46(1), pp.13-17. Gubhaju, L., McNamara, B.J., Banks, E., Joshy, G., Raphael, B., Williamson, A. and Eades, S.J., 2013. The overall health and risk factor profile of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants from the 45 and up study.BMC public health,13(1), p.1. Hopkins, K.D., Taylor, C.L. and Zubrick, S.R., 2013. The differential influence of contextual risks on psychosocial functioning and participation of Australian Aboriginal youth.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,83(4), pp.459-471. Johnson, G.M., Oliver, R., Nguyen, T., Orr, B. and Roco, M., 2013, June. Cognition, literacy and mobile technology: A conceptual model of the benefits of smartphones for Aboriginal students in remote communities. InProceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013(pp. 1273-1278). Lowe, K. and Yunkaporta, T., 2013. The inclusion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander content in the Australian National Curriculum: A cultural, cognitive and socio-political evaluation.Curriculum Perspectives,33(1), pp.1-14. Maclean, K., Ross, H., Cuthill, M. and Rist, P., 2013. Healthy country, healthy people: An Australian Aboriginal organisations adaptive governance to enhance its socialecological system.Geoforum,45, pp.94-105. Malaspinas, A.S., Westaway, M.C., Muller, C., Sousa, V.C., Lao, O., Alves, I., Bergstrm, A., Athanasiadis, G., Cheng, J.Y., Crawford, J.E. and Heupink, T.H., 2016. A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia.Nature. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M. and McNeil, J., 2014. Social determinants and lifestyle risk factors only partially explain the higher prevalence of food insecurity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health,14(1), p.1. McWhirter, R.E., Thomson, R.J., Marthick, J.R., Rumbold, A.R., Brown, M.A., Taylor-Thomson, D., Maypilama, E.L., Condon, J.R. and Dickinson, J.L., 2014. Runs of homozygosity and a cluster of vulvar cancer in young Australian Aboriginal women.Gynecologic oncology,133(3), pp.421-426. Montagu, A., 2013.Coming into being among the Australian Aborigines: The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. Routledge. Montagu, A., 2012.Coming into being among the Australian Aborigines: The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. Routledge. Nguyen, O.K. and Cairney, S., 2013.Literature review of the interplay between education, employment, health and wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas: working towards an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander wellbeing framework. Alice Springs: Ninti One. Pickering, J., Smith-Vaughan, H., Beissbarth, J., Bowman, J.M., Wiertsema, S., Riley, T.V., Leach, A.J., Richmond, P., Lehmann, D. and Kirkham, L.A., 2014. Diversity of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains colonizing Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children.Journal of clinical microbiology,52(5), pp.1352-1357. Pillans, B. and Fifield, L.K., 2013. Erosion rates and weathering history of rock surfaces associated with Aboriginal rock art engravings (petroglyphs) on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia, from cosmogenic nuclide measurements.Quaternary Science Reviews,69, pp.98-106. Sherwood, J., 2013. Colonisationits bad for your health: The context of Aboriginal health.Contemporary nurse,46(1), pp.28-40. van Holst Pellekaan, S., 2013. Genetic evidence for the colonization of Australia.Quaternary International,285, pp.44-56. Young, S., Zubrzycki, J., Green, S., Jones, V., Stratton, K. and Bessarab, D., 2013. Getting It Right: Creating Partnerships for Change: Developing a Framework for Integrating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Knowledges in Australian Social Work Education.Journal of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity in Social Work,22(3-4), pp.179-197.

Wuthering Heights monologue from the novel by Emily Bronte Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights monologue from the novel by Emily Bronte Essay A monologue from the novel by Emily Bronte NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Wuthering Heights. Emily Bronte. New York: Harper Brothers, 1848. CATHERINE: I wouldn\t be you for a kingdom! Nelly, help me to convince her of her madness. Tell her what Heathcliff is: an unreclaimed creature, without refinement, without cultivation; an arid wilderness of furze and whinstone. I\d as soon put that little canary into the park on a winter\s day, as recommend you to bestow your heart on him! It is deplorable ignorance of his character, child, and nothing else, which makes that dream enter your head. Pray, don\t imagine that he conceals depths of benevolence and affection beneath a stern exterior! He\s not a rough diamond a pearl-containing oyster of a rustic: he\s a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man. I never say to him, Let this or that enemy alone, because it would be ungenerous or cruel to harm them; I say, Let them alone, because I should hate them to be wronged: and he\d crush you like a sparrow\s egg, Isabella, if he found you a troublesome charge. I know he couldn\t love a Linton; and yet he\d be quite capable of marrying your fort une and expectations: avarice is growing with him a besetting sin. There\s my picture: and I\m his friend so much so, that had he thought seriously to catch you, I should, perhaps, have held my tongue, and let you fall into his trap. Banish him from your thoughts. He\s a bird of bad omen: no mate for you. We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights monologue from the novel by Emily Bronte specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Smart Conversion Rate And Sales Funnel Secrets From Daniel McGaw

Smart Conversion Rate And Sales Funnel Secrets From Daniel McGaw A sales and marketing funnel is when people have an awareness of your brand and move closer to a buying decision. You want them to know, like, and trust you, so there is enough value for them to become your customer. What does your customer’s journey look like? Fortunately, today’s episode features Daniel McGaw, the founder of Effin Amazing and creator of UTM.io. Daniel is a conversion rate optimization and sales funnel expert. Find out about the magic you can get from links and how to increase Website and content conversions. What are the superpowers of what can be done with a link when shared online? Urchin tracking module (UTM) tags are bits of code you can add to the end of any link; it’s the only universal tracking method available Daniel’s product offers presets for teams to keep tags consistent Most entrepreneurs think about business in the wrong way; they focus on the logo, brand, mission, and other factors before they acquire customers Daniel thinks of business this way: Where is the demand? Do we have a customer? If we have a customer, then we have a business. How Effin Amazing got its name and gets a lot of attention Don’t ask for tons of information; just get an email address to optimize for leads Funnel Anatomy: Awareness, top of funnel (TOFU), middle of funnel (MOFU), bottom of funnel (BOFU), and referrals of the funnel (ROFU) Daniel’s company uses the Velocity/Impact/Confidence/Easy (VICE) framework to map a funnel, which includes documenting information, developing strategies, and building benchmarks Evaluate your team’s skills and abilities to augment VICE scores Most marketers and businesses go wrong when they expect people to buy too quickly; and do not get enough email addresses email is king and the lynchpin to success Learn more about your customers during the funnel stages, and try to educate them Links: Daniel McGaw Effin Amazing UTM Trello RealtimeBoard AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Daniel McGaw: â€Å"What are the superpowers that we can do with a link when sharing it online?† â€Å"We’re definitely trying to set the standard for how people make UTMs.† â€Å"You have to understand your target customer and what you’re trying to sell them.†

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls Here is a Spanish version of the popular Christmas song Deck the Halls. Note that this song isnt a translation of the English but rather a Christmas-themed song that uses the same tune. Ya lleg la Navidad  ¡Ya llegà ³ la Navidad!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. ¡Quà © alegre se siente el alma!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Vamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. Apà ³stoles y magos vienen  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Adorar al tierno nià ±o.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Por doquiera llevaremos  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laMensaje de buenas nuevas  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Translation Here is a translation of this Spanish song omitting the fa-la-la refrain: Christmas is already here! How happy the soul feels!Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Apostles and magi come to worship the tender boy.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Lets carry the message of good news everywhere.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Vocabulary and Grammar Notes Note how in Spanish only the first word and the proper noun Navidad are capitalized in the songs title. The same pattern is used for other composition titles such as the names of novels and movies. Ya is a common adverb that has many translations but generally is used as a way of adding emphasis. Llegà ³ is the singular third-person preterite form of llegar, which means to arrive. The Spanish verb is used in a figurative way, as here, more often than the English verb. Navidad is the Spanish word for Christmas. It is frequently used, as here, with the definite article la. In Spanish, it is not unusual to place the subject after the verb, as is done in the first line.  ¡Quà © adjective! is a common way of saying How adjective! Vamos is the first-person plural imperative of ir, the verb for to go. Vamos a infinitive is the usual way to say lets go verb. Vienen is a form of the irregular verb venir. Por doquiera is a shortened form of por dondequiera, meaning everywhere. This shortened form is found primarily in songs and poetic writing. Llevaremos is the first-person plural form of llevar, which usually means to carry.

BP petroleum company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BP petroleum company - Case Study Example ude corporate branding and position, ethics and social responsibility, engagement of stakeholders, corporate affairs, strategic thrust and sustainability (Achenbach, 107). The main strength that the company had was that of changing the name from British Petroleum to BP and then tried to rebrand the name to Beyond Petroleum. The rebranding was a signal to stakeholders that it was focused on sustainability and the need to move beyond nonrenewable sources (Andrews, 89). The rebranding that was given to the petroleum company made it focus on sustainability and the need to move beyond nonrenewable energy sources. The company also presented itself as being committed to invest in renewable energy. This has gained a great deal of popularity among consumers and other members of society concerned about the future of the planet. There are problems that the company has faced in its history such as bankrupting the founder due to lack of well implemented strategies that the company had. BP has also experienced controversies regarding business practices hazard to workers, damages of the environment and greenhouses gases (Andrews, 108). These factors made the company to have an image that was not good to the consumers. BP Petroleum Company tried to position its products that support the sustainability and other social responsibility and the concern of other social responsibility. The claim that they have made is that of maintaining a product that is authentic and trustworthy (Benoit, 35). This has been put to improve the image of the company to attract more consumers. There have been many threats that the company has experienced such as explosion that occurred in Texas injuring many people which made it guilty for violating the safety of citizens. The threat has also continues as there are other accidents that the company has involved in with the main outcome being pollution of the environment (Gurney and Company, 78). The company has also been charged with violating Clean

Coy Mistress assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coy Mistress assignment - Essay Example Women, by nature, are more shy and timid to express their love all on a sudden in the public. The sensual instinct of the speaker in coercing the mistress to make immediate love is clear to the readers as well as to the lady. There is also a tone of contempt, in the voice of the speaker, for the natural forms of love making and the means of passing the ‘long love’s day’. â€Å"We would sit down and think which way / To walk, and pass our long loves day; / Thou by the Indian Ganges side / Should’st rubies find...† (Marvell, lines 3-6) Though the speaker is able to state some essential facts about the temporary nature of time and life, he forgets the general facts about love. He is concerned about the material and physical love and he is practical in approach. Thus he states that â€Å"Thy beauty shall no more be found, / Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound / My echoing song...† (Marvell, lines 25-7) Love is not anything spiritual or sublime t o him – it is merely a physical activity which he calls ‘sport’. â€Å"Now therefore, while the youthful hue / Sits on thy skin like morning dew, / And while thy willing soul transpires / At every pore with instant fires, / Now let us sport us while we may...† (Marvell, lines 33-6) Therefore, the mistress is able to recognize the lack of credibility and trustworthiness in the words of the

Stalins leadership Essay Example for Free

Stalins leadership Essay The great patriotic war was a theatre of war primarily between Russia and the Nazis, although it involved many surrounding countries in Eastern Europe and beyond. This period was notorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and immense loss of life and was lead under the leadership of Stalin. Yet to what extent was Stalins efforts and actions the reason for the Soviet victory against the axis powers? Politically, there were many aspects that contributed to the war effort. The Communist Party itself worked at the rear of the forces (350,000 members were transferred to the back lines) and also increased membership to ensure that there was sufficient support for the party. The NKVD played a more significant role in the war, most importantly controlling the USSR population through fear. The NKVD were responsible for the labour camps (gulags) where prisoners of war were sent as well as opposition suspects and deserters from the Russian armies. The group had many other roles, including undercover officers within the red army reporting any deficiencies in moral and any anti-communist attitudes. Therefore they created a sense of terror that deterred any resistance against Stalin and the regime from building up effectively as well as maintaining discipline and security within the army. This was obviously a crucial factor in Soviet success, without this the Red Army would not have fought effectively. Although the NKVD were very effective throughout the war and must certainly be credited in the Soviet success, Stalin was in overall control of the body, and therefore could also claim some of this as his own. He also influenced the air of terror, by coining orders like not one step back meaning that any soldiers that tried to retreat would be shout by the NKVD themselves. Britain and America were Russias allies in the war and although they did not send troops directly to the front line, the lend lease programme (begun in March 1941) provided the USSR with essential war supplies $11. 3 billion worth of goods were sent throughout the war. Without these the army would have been less effectively supplied and progress may have been slower, particularly one the offensive move towards Berlin, which may have given the enemy more time to re-organise and build defenses. Additional assistance came from U. S. Russian War Relief (a private, nonprofit organization) and the Red Cross who also sent supplies. Again, it could be suggested that it was Stalins political ability that allowed him to form these alliances that proved to be so vital. However, for the supplies from the Red Cross and Russian war relief he cannot be accredited and it could be argued that the allies did not aid Russia due to Stalins diplomacy but merely in an attempt to defeat Germany. Despite the destruction of the war, the Russian economy managed to keep the front supplied with weapons and other supplies. The move to dismantle factories and rebuild them in the remote Urals once the Germans had begun to infiltrate Russia proved to be very successful. 1500 enterprises and 10 million people were transferred eastwards and the new industrial heartlands began production. The planned economy also meant that industrial plants were converted into military production factories (for example, in Moscow a childrens bicycle factory was converted into a automatic rifles factory). Without this economic planning, the Red Army would not have been supplied tanks, guns ammunition and planes in adequate quantities (in fact, by 1943 the Red Army was achieving this). However, yet again the ideas for the planned economy and the move of the factories were announced by Stalin and therefore their successful results and vital contribution to the war could be said to be a result of cunning planning and economic efficiency. Further than this, Stalin managed to mobilize the entire urban society into production. Similarly to the five year plans, anyone of a working age was forced into labour, including the women. For example, in 1942, women made up 53% of the urban workforce. Without this mobilisation, the factories would not have run to full capacity and production levels would have fallen substantially. Stalin also cleverly ensured that the workers would not resent the regime by increasing wages (wages rose by 75% between 1938 and 1944) and those in regular manual employment were guaranteed survival through the network of Ors (workers provisionary department) shops at their places of work. Obviously the Red Army must be accredited with at least some of the war success. Although it was initially disorganised and was unable to adapt to the defensive tactics now necessary, this was the result of Stalins fierce purges of the Red Army causing military leaders to be wary of taking any initiative or acting without firm orders from the leader himself. The Army was however, heroic in nature and had many successful attacks against the Germans (for example, the Battle of Kursk). Another initial weakness was the dual command of the Politruki, but Stalin did end this when he realised it was a hindrance to the army rather than a help. Stalins choices in military men had both positive and negative effects on the war. He was often seen to give leadership powers to those who were his close friends and allies, often with poor results. An example of this is Kulik who delayed the production of Katyusa rockets and T34 tanks due to a belief that more old fashioned artillery and horsepower were more effective war methods. However, Soviet success was also the result of meticulous planning and military excellence of many other of the Russian leaders, for example Vasilevsky who was responsible for the planning and co-ordination of all decisive offences and Chuikov who commanded in Stalingrad. The man with the most influence militarily however was General Zhukov who oversaw the defence of Leningrad and orchestrated the first breakthrough, commanded in the Battle of Kursk and launched the final attack on Germany, including capturing Berlin. Further than this Zhukov was more fearless than many others of the leaders and stood up for his military ideas. It could be suggested that this was the main reason that Stalin eventually accepted that his tactics needed updating and moved away from his previous military ideas. Had the Red Army continued with these they may never have won the war as the outdated tactics were very unsuccessful. The Stavka ended up being a very effective team, some disagreement with Stalin was tolerated and the result was concrete military decisions that resulted in Soviet success. It is possible to completely blame Stalin for the initial Russian failures for a further reason. Previous to Operation Barbarossa, Stalin had been warned of the German attack but simply ignored this and made no defensive military plans. Therefore when under attack, the army only had defensive strategies available. This was particularly a problem due to the lack of initiative that generals were willing to take as explained above. Some debate still remains over why Stalin refused to acknowledge the information but it was probably a combination of Stalins overconfidence in the character of Hitler and other circumstantial information (such as 22nd June was theoretically too late to attack as it was too close to the Russian winter). For these reasons Stalin was certainly a hindrance to the Russian side at times. However, he did change his tactics eventually which was obviously a difficult move for Stalin as it resulted in a loss of face. Another of Stalins failures was his refusal to sign the Geneva Convention for human rights. Therefore when Russian prisoners of war were captured they often ended up in extermination camps in Germany. Many Russian war prisoners ended up fighting for the German side in preference to being killed. An example of this is Andrei Vlasov who set up a Russian Liberation Army who fought for the Germans; he was later used as a figurehead for German propaganda. If Stalin had signed the agreement the Germans wouldnt have had any extra re-enforcements. Another general factor for the Soviet success in the Great Patriotic War is psychological and social. The role of the Russian people undoubtedly contributed to the war effort. Other than the obvious roles they played in the factories, farms and on the battlefront itself, the sheer heroism of many of the people is astounding. For example, within Leningrad the Russian people failed to give in to German terror for 872 days, despite the constant attack from the skies, bitter famines spread throughout the whole city, horrific death rates (in December 1941, 53000 people died in Leningrad (this was as many as the total deaths in 1940)) and rations that were barely enough to survive (bread rations were 400g a day but decreased to 250-125g in December/January 1941). This strength of the nation was seen in other places, such as the partisan units that were set up in the German occupied areas. Often the members were Red Army troops that had not retreated quick enough to stay in front of the Germans, but many were also civilians united in a hatred for the Nazis. They were effective in tying down Germans in certain areas, harassing German soldiers but most importantly showing the opposition that Russian influence was still present in their occupied areas. The sheer hatred that the Russians felt for the Germans was also influential to Soviet success, and the treatment in the camps was certainly a contributing factor to this. Another reason for this was the treatment for the Russians in the German occupied territory. The Germans viewed the war as a war of extermination and used the Slav people as sub-humans. An example is a quote from Hitler if 10,000 females die of exhaustion digging an anti-tank ditch, my only interest is that the ditch is dug for Germany. Only towards the end of the war did the Germans realise that it would be much more effective to try and keep the Russians on side. An example of the earlier brutality is the 34,000 Jews and Soviet citizens massacred at Babi-Yar which was an attempt to cleanse Russia and create living space (lebensraum). This is important for the war as the Russian hatred fuelled their desire to defeat the Germans and individuals would work harder and faster in whatever role they were contributing in. It could be suggested that Stalin did help influence this as his speechs were always hugely anti-German and highlighted the deaths and terrors inflicted upon Russia. He also contributed to the propaganda that was circulated in the war which showed clearly the brutalities of the war to the Russian civilians. This was to influence the Red Army and partisans to fight for motherland, for honour, for freedom and for Stalin. Stalin also managed to mobilise and encourage women into the war effort. Women took on roles within factories, farms and other mens positions such as miners and welders. At the beginning of 1940 women made up 41% of labour front and over 800,000 saw active service on the battlefields (ordered after 1942). Another social change that Stalin made during the war were the religious concessions. For example, in 1942 the labour camps were searched for religious men who were then allowed home and in 1943 they Russians elected a new patriarch and synod. These proved very successful and brought him more support as the religious Russians had previously felt oppressed. Stalin as a war leader was always resolute and determined. It is unquestionable that Stalin was courageous, despite German attack he remained with his family in Moscow rather than fleeing to Kuibyshev. Although he did make some mistakes, particularly during the openings of the war, he did manage to amend many of these. The ways in which Stalin helped make the Soviet war success certainly outweigh his hindrances in both number and significance. Without such a powerful, charismatic and talented leader, Russia would have been much more likely to be defeated in the Great Patriotic war.

Breaking Convention in A Room of Ones Own Essay -- Room of Ones Own

Breaking Convention in A Room of One's Own New discoveries and exciting breakthroughs are all made at the expense of contradicting old rules and ideas. In order for Earth to be round, it could no longer be flat. Revolutions in literature, science, and countries are always filled with conflicts and contradictions to traditional conventions. In this sense, Virgina Woolf's essay A Room of One's Own can be called a revolution. Woolf breaks nearly all the rules of essay writing in her argumentative essay. She addresses the reader in the first person, tells the reader that she is lying, focuses on unnecessary details, and even contradicts herself from time to time. Why does Woolf, a competent writer, decide to write this way? Perhaps, her unorthodox style supports her perception on the difficulties that exists in women becoming serious writers. Her writing style constructs a relationship between her essay and women writers; it shows the reader that for women to become a writer without a "a room of one's own" is just as unconvention al as her writing style. With both her words and her unique writing style, Woolf presents her view on women's writing. In a serious essay, a point or an argument should be made. This is why a writer writing a serious essay finds it necessary to shower his reader with logical reasons and facts. A typical writer wants the reader to examine, if not accept, the writer's point of view; however, Woolf claims that "lies will flow from [her] lips" in her essay.(720) Not too many writers will come right out and tell their readers that they intend to lie in their essays. The persuasiveness of an essay is not going to be enhanced by having the writer admit that he is lying. Because writers want to be as factua... ... as an intellect. Woolf has set up the essay so that the argument is presented in the essay but conveyed to the reader through the subtle messages hidden in the stylistic and the structural set up of the essay. And perhaps she has one more intention for setting up her essay in such a way; perhaps she wants to remind women that they can turn their disadvantages into advantages, as she did with the presumably awful style in her essay. Since women have not had a voice in this make dominated would for so long, it is almost certain that they will have a different voice from the men. This different voice, that has been oppressed for so long, is bound to carry novel ideas, and women, the source of this hidden voice, are the only ones capable of sharing these new views with the world. Works Cited: Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. San Diego: Harcourt, Inc., 1929.

Elements of the Gothic Genre

The gothic novel was invented almost single-handedly by Horace Walpole, whose The Castle of Otranto (1764) contains essentially all the elements that constitute the genre. Walpole's novel was imitated not only in the eighteenth century and not only in the novel form, but it has influenced writing, poetry, and even film making up to the present day. It introduced the term â€Å"gothic romance† to the literary world. Due to its inherently supernatural, surreal and sublime elements, it has maintained a dark and mysterious appeal. However, the roots of the Gothic? precede the Gothic? works of Horace Walpole.The focus on the grotesque in the medieval period (visible especially in the paintings and architecture of the period) provides a key backdrop against which Gothic must be read, as do the violent and often grotesque tragedies written for the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, with their detailed, almost surgical exploration of the supernatural, vice, corruption, imprisonment, br utality and sexuality, all of which were to provide the very substance of the Gothic authors. (Note particularly ‘Macbeth? and ‘Dr Faustus?) Gothic literature is devoted primarily to stories of horror, the fantastic, and the â€Å"darker† supernatural forces.These forces often represent the â€Å"dark side† of human nature— irrational or destructive desires. Gothic literature derives its name from its similarities to the Gothic medieval cathedrals, which feature a majestic, unrestrained architectural style with often savage or grotesque ornamentation (the word â€Å"Gothic† derives from â€Å"Goth,† the name of one of the barbaric Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire). The Gothic genre (in both literature and architecture) is therefore associated with savagery and barbarism.Generally speaking, gothic literature delves into the macabre nature of humanity in its quest to satisfy mankind's intrinsic desire to plumb the depths of t error. The key features of gothic texts are: 1) the appearance of the supernatural, 2) the psychology of horror and/or terror, 3) the poetics of the sublime, 4) a sense of mystery and dread 5) the appealing hero/villain, 6) the distressed heroine, and 7) strong moral closure (usually at least). ELEMENTS OF THE GOTHIC IN TEXTS 1. Setting in a castle or haunted house. The action takes place in and around an old castle, sometimes seemingly abandoned, sometimes occupied.The castle often contains secret passages, trap doors, secret rooms, dark or hidden staircases, and possibly ruined sections. The castle may be near or connected to caves, which lend their own haunting flavour with their branchings, claustrophobia, and mystery. (Translated into modern filmmaking, the setting might be in an old house or mansion–or even a new house–where unusual camera angles, sustained close ups during movement, and darkness or shadows create the same sense of claustrophobia and entrapment. ) It is usually a dwelling that is inhabited by or visited regularly by a ghost or other supposedly supernatural being.Example: Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto. Walpole's novel first introduced to gothic literature its single most influential convention, the haunted castle. The castle is the main setting of the story and the centre of activity. Cemetery /Graveyard. A cemetery defines a place which is used for the burial of the dead. Cemeteries are widely used in Gothic Literature as oftentimes frightening places where revenance can occur. Catacombs are especially evocative Gothic spaces because they enable the living to enter below ground a dark labyrinth resonating with the presences and mysteries of the dead. . The Weather is used in a number of ways and forms, some of these being: Mist – This convention in Gothic Literature is often used to obscure objects (this can be related to the sublime) by reducing visibility or to prelude the insertion of a terrifying person or thing; Storms – These frequently accompany important events. Flashes of lightning accompany revelation; thunder and downpours prefigure the appearance of a character or the beginning of a significant event (eg thunder precedes the entrance of the witches in ‘Macbeth?;Sunlight – represents goodness and pleasure; it also has the power to bestow these upon characters. 3. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense. (or a sense of dread) The work is pervaded by a threatening feeling, a fear enhanced by the unknown. Often the plot itself is built around a mystery, such as unknown parentage, a disappearance, or some other inexplicable event eg. Ghosts walking or a painting coming to life. There may be an ancient prophecy connected with the castle or its inhabitants. It is usually obscure, partial or confusing.This serves to captivate the reader and encourage further reading. The atmosphere may also be seen acting upon the protagonists in texts, influencing them by excitin g their curiosity or fear. 4. Claustrophobia / Entrapment & Imprisonment: A favourite horror device of the Gothic finds a person confined or trapped, such as being shackled to a floor or hidden away in some dark cell or cloister. This sense of there being no way out contributes to the claustrophobic psychology of Gothic space. It consists of an abnormal dread of being confined in a close or narrow space.Often ttributed to actual physical imprisonment or entrapment, claustrophobia can also figure more generally as an indicator of the victim's sense of helplessness or horrified mental awareness of being enmeshed in some dark, inscrutable destiny 5. The supernatural may be intrinsic to the plot. This is generally in the form of some kind of supernatural being or object, such as a vampire, witch, devil or ghost, which is frightening due to its refusal to adhere to the laws of nature, God or man. In ‘Macbeth? there are three witches. Dr Faustus communicates with a demon and indirec tly with Lucifer.All of ‘Paradise Lost? involves the supernatural. 6. Dreams, omens, portents, visions. Dreaming is characterised as a form of mental activity that takes place during the act of sleep. Dreams invoke strong emotions within the dreamer, such as ecstasy, joy and terror. Dreams dredge up these deep emotions and premonitions that reflect tellingly upon the dreamer, what one might conceal during waking hours but what emerges in sleep to haunt and arouse the dreamer. It is most likely due to this heightened emotional state that dreams are used so often within Gothic Literature.By invoking dream states within their characters, authors are able to illustrate emotions on a more unmediated and, oftentimes, terrifying level. Dreams reveal to the reader what the character is often too afraid to realise about himself or herself. Dreaming also has an ancient relation with the act of foretelling wherein the future is glimpsed in the dream state. Perhaps the most famous Gothic example of significant dreams occurs in Shelley's ‘Frankenstein? after Frankenstein ‘awakes' his creature: he falls into a dream state that begins with his kissing of Elizabeth, his love.However, this kiss changes her in the most drastic way as she transforms into the rotting corpse of Caroline, Victor's dead mother. Upon awakening from this horrifying dream, Victor finds himself staring into the face of the monster he has created. Interpretations of this dream lead to explorations of Frankenstein's psyche, relational ability and sexuality. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death.In modern fiction, a character might see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an â€Å"imitation vision. † Banquo in ‘Macbeth? dreams of the â €˜weird sisters?. Lady Macbeth?s suppressed guilt emerges when she is seen sleepwalking. 7. The stock characters of Gothic fiction include tyrants, villains, bandits, maniacs, Byronic heroes, persecuted maidens, femmes fatales, madwomen, magicians, vampires, werewolves, monsters, demons, angel, fallen angel, the beauty and the beast, revenants, ghosts, perambulating skeletons, the Wandering Jew, and the Devil himself. .Villain-Hero (Satanic, Promethean, Byronic Hero) The villain of a story who either 1) poses as a hero at the beginning of the story or 2) simply possesses enough heroic characteristics (charisma, sympathetic past, etc) so that either the reader or the other characters see the villain-hero as more than a simple charlatan or bad guy. Three closely related types exist: Satanic Hero: a Villain-Hero whose nefarious deeds and justifications of them make him a more interesting character than the rather bland good hero.Example: The origin of this prototype comes from Roman tic misreading of Milton's Paradise Lost, whose Satan poets like Blake and Shelley regarded as a far more compelling figure than the moralistic God of Book III of the epic. Gothic examples: Beckford's Vathek, Radcliffe's Montoni, and just about any vampire. Promethean: a Villain-Hero who has done good but only by performing an over-reaching or rebellious act. Prometheus from ancient Greek mythology saved mankind but only after stealing fire and ignoring Zeus' order that mankind should be kept in a state of subjugation.Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is tellingly subtitled the â€Å"Modern Prometheus. † Consider whether Dr Faustus is a Promethean hero. (The vaulting arches and spires of Gothic cathedrals reach wildly to the sky as if the builders were trying to grasp the heavens , an ambition for the eternal that is likewise expressed in many works of Gothic literature (consider Manfred's quest for supernatural power in Byron's poem, or Frankenstein's quest to become godlike by cr eating life or Dr. Faustus pact – offering his soul for 24 years of power).Byronic Hero: a later variation of the â€Å"antithetically mixed† Villain-Hero. Aristocratic, suave, moody, handsome, solitary, secretive, brilliant, cynical, sexually intriguing, and nursing a secret wound, he is renowned because of his fatal attraction for female characters and readers and continues to occasion debate about gender issues. Example: Byron's Childe Harold and, more gothically, Manfred are the best examples, but this darkly attractive and very conflicted male figure surfaces everywhere in the 19th and 20th century gothic eg Heathcliff or Wilde?s Dorian Gray.Byron himself was described as â€Å"mad, bad and dangerous to know. † The Byronic hero in literature and life: A. Robin Hood B. Richard III C. Iago D. Faust/ Dr. Faustus E. Milton's Satan F. Victor Frankenstein G. Frankenstein's Creature H. Dracula I. Byron?s Manfred J. Cain K. Lara L. Conrad M. Childe Harold N. Byron, Shelley O. Ambrosio P. Peter Quint Q. Miss Jessel R. Stalin S. Hitler T. The Unabomber U. Prometheus 9. The Pursued Protagonist This refers to the idea of a pursuing force that relentlessly acts in a severely negative manner on a character.This persecution often implies the notion of some sort of a curse or other form of terminal and utterly unavoidable damnation, a notion that usually suggests a return or â€Å"hangover† of traditional religious ideology to chastise the character for some real or imagined wrong against the moral order. The Wandering Jew is perhaps the archetypically pursued/pursuing protagonist. –Drew McCray 10. Pursuit of the Heroine This is the pursuit of a virtuous and idealistic (and usually poetically inclined) young woman by a villain, normally portrayed as a wicked, older but still potent aristocrat.While in many early Gothic novels such a chase occurs across a Mediterranean forest and/or through a subterranean labyrinth, the pursuit of the he roine is by no means limited to these settings. This pursuit represents a threat to the young lady's ideals and morals (usually meaning her virginity), to which the heroine responds in the early works with a passive courage in the face of danger; later gothic heroines progressively become more active and occasionally effective in their attempts to escape this pursuit and indict patriarchy. eg. Angela Carter?s ‘The Bloody Chamber. ?Women in distress. As an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. The women suffer all the more because they are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times.Women threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male. One or more male chara cters has the power, as king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime. 11. The Outsider: The one theme that cuts through virtually all Gothic is that of the â€Å"outsider,† embodied in wanderers like Frankenstein's creature.Gothic fiction is concerned with the outsider, whether the stationary figure who represses his difference, or the wandering figure who seeks for some kind of salvation, or else the individual who for whatever reason- moves entirely outside the norm. In any event, he is beyond the moderating impulses in society, and he must be punished for his transgression. He is gloomy and melancholy, full of self-pity and self-hatred. Like Cain, he is the perpetual outsider, marked by his appearance, doomed to wander the four corners of the earth, alone and reviled.It may be argued that Frankenstein himself becomes an outsider as he grows more and more like his creation. . While the society at large always appears bourgeois in its culture and morality, the Gothic outsider is a counterforce driven by strange longings and destructive needs. While everyone else appears sane, he is insane; while everyone else appears bound by legalities, he is trying to snap the pitiless constrictions of the law; while everyone else seems to lack any peculiarities of taste or behaviour, he feels only estrangement, sick longings, terrible surges of power and devastation.Take for example, Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights?. 12. Possession The popularity of belief in demonic possession seems to have originated within Christian Theology during the Middle Ages. During this time, Christians lived in fear concerning the war being waged between God and the Devil over every mortal soul. Hence, this fear of possession seemed to culminate into an act that could be viewed by t he mortal eye. This act is defined as the forced possession of a mortal body by the Devil or one of his demons.There are two types of possession and either can be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary possession seems to involve a willing exchange in the form of some compact between evil spirit and mortal, often involving wealth, power or goods (eg. The pact Faustus makes); involuntary possession occurs when the devil randomly selects an unwitting host. The two types of possession consist of the transference of the Devil or demon directly into the mortal body or the sending of the Devil or demon into the body by a third party, usually a mortal dabbler in the dark arts.Following the act, the possessed is said to show many symptoms including abnormal strength, personality changes, fits, convulsions, bodily odours resembling sulphur, lewd and lascivious actions, the ability to levitate, the ability to speak in tongues or the ability to foretell future events. Many religions acknowledge t he act of possession still today, most notably the Catholic Church. There seem to be three ways in which to end a possession. 13. Revenance This is the return of the dead to terrorise or to settle some score with the living.4. Revenge Revenge is characterized as the act of repaying someone for a harm that the person has caused; the idea also points back generically to one of the key influences upon Gothic literature: the revenge tragedies of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. Revenge may be enacted upon a loved one, a family member, a friend, an object or even an area. Within Gothic Literature, revenge is notably prominent and can be enacted by or upon mortals as well as spirits.Revenge can take many forms, such as harm to body, harm to loved ones, and harm to family. The most Gothic version of revenge in Gothic Literature is the idea that it can be a guiding force in the revenance of the dead. 15. Unreliable Narrator A narrator tells a story and determines the story?s point of view. A n unreliable narrator, however, does not understand the importance of a particular situation or makes an incorrect conclusion or assumption about an event that he/she witnesses.An important issue in determining the The Turn of the Screw. 16. Multiple Narrative/Spiral Narrative Method The story is frequently told through a series of secret manuscripts or multiple tales, each revealing a deeper secret, so the narrative gradually spirals inward toward the hidden truth. The narrator is often a firstperson narrator compelled to tell the story to a fascinated or captive listener (representing the captivating power of forbidden knowledge). (Note ‘Wuthering Heights?) 17. High, even overwrought emotion.The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise, and especially, terror. Characters suffer from raw nerves and a feeling of impending doom. Crying and emotional speeches are frequent. Breathlessness and panic are common. In the fi lmed gothic, screaming is common. 18. The Sublime: The definition of this key term has long been a contested term, but the idea of the sublime is essential to an understanding of Gothic poetics and, especially, the attempt to defend or justify the literature of terror.Put basically (and this really is basic – a fuller understanding of the Sublime would be useful to students of Wordsworth or any Gothic Literature), the Sublime is an overpowering sense of the greatness and power of nature, which can be uplifting, aweinspiring and terrifying, caused by experience of beauty, vastness or grandeur. Sublime moments lead us to consider the place of humanity in the universe, and the power exhibited in the world. 19. Darkness as intrinsic to humanity:Generally speaking, gothic literature delves into the macabre nature of humanity in its quest to satiate mankind's intrinsic desire to plumb the depths of terror. 0. Necromancy This is the black art of communicating with the dead. This is usually done to obtain information about the future, but can also be used for other purposes, such as getting the dead to perform deeds of which humans are not capable. The conjurer often stood in a circle, such as a pentagram, in order to protect himself from the dead spirit, yet he was often overpowered by the spirit. Examples: The most famous examples of necromancy can be found in literary renditions of the Faust legend, from Marlowe to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to Byron with his Manfred.In these works, Faust not only speaks with the devil in order to strike a deal but necromantically invokes various dead, famous figures from the past for his amusement and edification. 21. Blood -This is a prominent symbol in Gothic works often intimating the paradox of the human condition; blood can represent both life and death, or both guilt (e. g. , murder) and innocence (e. g. , redemptive blood). Consider references to blood in ‘Macbeth?, Byron's Manfred and Mary Shelley's Frankenste in. 22.Marriage as Resolution: The importance of marriage in this scheme cannot be overstated. Not only does movement toward matrimony in the Gothic's present trigger the appearance of the buried past, but that buried past itself always contains information tied to the institutions of matrimony or family interest. 23. Sadism : The word â€Å"sadism† was coined to describe the writings of Donatien-AlphonseFrancois, the Marquis de Sade. Sadism is a sexual perversion where one person gains gratification by inflicting physical or mental pain on others.It can also mean a delight in torment or excessive cruelty. (Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights? / or the husband in ‘The Bloody Chamber?. 24. Strong Moral Closure: If de Sade is to be believed, the Gothic genre arose as a response to the brutality and bloodiness of Romantic society, and it as part of this response that Gothic fiction usually contains a strong moral. 25. The metonymy of gloom and horror. Metonymy is a subt ype of metaphor, in which something (like rain) is used to stand for something else (like sorrow).For example, the film industry likes to use metonymy as a quick shorthand, so we often notice that it is raining in funeral scenes. Note that the following metonymies for â€Å"doom and gloom† all suggest some element of mystery, danger, or the supernatural. wind, especially howling doors grating on rusty hinges footsteps approaching lights in abandoned rooms characters trapped in a room ruins of buildings thunder and lightning rain, especially blowing sighs, moans, howls, eerie sounds clanking chains gusts of wind blowing out lights doors suddenly slamming shut aying of distant dogs (or wolves? ) crazed laughter 26. The vocabulary of the gothic. The constant use of the appropriate vocabulary set creates the atmosphere of the gothic.Here as an example are some of the words (in several categories) that help make up the vocabulary of the gothic in The Castle of Otranto: Mystery dia bolical, enchantment, ghost, goblins, haunted, infernal, magic, magician, miracle, necromancer, omens, ominous, portent, preternatural, prodigy, prophecy, secret, sorcerer, spectre, spirits, strangeness, talisman, vision Fear, Terror, or Sorrow fflicted, affliction, agony, anguish, apprehensions, apprehensive, commiseration, concern, despair, dismal, dismay, dread, dreaded, dreading, fearing, frantic, fright, frightened, grief, hopeless, horrid, horror, lamentable, melancholy, miserable, mournfully, panic, sadly, scared, shrieks, sorrow, sympathy, tears, terrible, terrified, terror, unhappy, wretched Surprise alarm, amazement, astonished, astonishment, shocking, staring, surprise, surprised, thunderstruck, wonder Haste anxious, breathless, flight, frantic, hastened, hastily, impatience, impatient, impatiently, impetuosity, precipitately, running, sudden, suddenlyAnger anger, angrily, choler, enraged, furious, fury, incense, incensed, provoked, rage, raving, resentment, temper, wrath , wrathful, wrathfully Largeness enormous, gigantic, giant, large, tremendous, vast 27. Elements of Romance In addition to the standard gothic aspects, many gothic novels contain elements of romance as well. Elements of romance include these: Powerful love. Heart stirring, often sudden, emotions create a life or death commitment. Many times this love is the first the character has felt with this overwhelming power. Uncertainty of reciprocation. What is the beloved thinking?Is the lover's love returned or not? Unreturned love. Someone loves in vain (at least temporarily). Later, the love may be returned. Tension between true love and father's control, disapproval, or choice. Most often, the father of the woman disapproves of the man she loves. Lovers parted. Some obstacle arises and separates the lovers, geographically or in some other way. One of the lovers is banished, arrested, forced to flee, locked in a dungeon, or sometimes, disappears without explanation. Or, an explanation ma y be given (by the person opposing the lovers' being together) that later turns out to be false.Gothicism: In literary criticism, this refers to works characterised by a taste for the medieval or morbidly attractive. A gothic novel prominently features elements of horror, the supernatural, gloom, and violence: clanking chains, terror, charnel houses, ghosts, medieval castles, and mysteriously slamming doors. The term â€Å"gothic novel† is also applied to novels that lack elements of the traditional Gothic setting but that create a similar atmosphere of terror or dread. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is perhaps the best-known English work of this kind. Grotesque 1) This term originated from oddly shaped ornaments found within Roman dwellings, or grottoes, during the first century. From a literary standpoint, this term implies a mutation of the characters, plants and/or animals. This mutation transforms the normal features and/or behaviours into veritable extremes that are meant to be frightening and/or disturbingly comic (Cornwell 273. (2) The term grotesque also defines a work in which two separate modes, comedy and tragedy, are mixed. The result is a disturbing fiction wherein comic circumstances prelude horrific tragedy and vice versa.

Economics Commentary Essay

The collusive1 market structure that the Japanese traditional industry has traced over previous years has increasingly become to fail. The tendency of companies abandoning cross-shareholdings2 has generated a in deep economic loss resulting from a reduce in the total revenue of corporations in the country. The attempt of industries such as steel, paper and energy as well as car making companies and electronic firms3 to consolidate economic partnership through means of oligopoly, has decreased deliberately from 50% of the market values to 20% over the last 17 years. The benefits of share holding companies were determined in preceding times to maximize profits by jointly agreeing in a fixed price which will avoid â€Å"price wars† and therefore substantial revenues4. Also assuming the interdependent behaviors, cross-shareholding companies act together to establish high barriers of entry to the industry in order to preserve ascendancy and evade competitiveness to have a high indices of demand. As the extract mentions, there is a bought share between companies to prevent the overhaul of others and to regulate the number of firms within the market as it happened with Mitsubishi when 11 other companies had an acquisition of shares to â€Å"block the outsider†. As these companies were subdued to price controls of the industry, the demand curve will therefore be highly inelastic responding to the few amount of substitutes5 that the industry seeks to have in flow. However the concerns about the crumbling of the traditional tendency of cross-shareholding are given with the results in the change of behavior of the industry. Along with the abandonment of share holding companies, the industry becomes vulnerable to external entry and in the case of Japan foreign investments which increases competition. As there is increase in supply of same products, demand for products of individual firms will fall and the demand curve will shift to the left. Demand shifts to the left from D1 to D2 due to the increase in supply with the entry of new firms and the removal of a unique price of product in the whole industry. As the result in the shifting of the demand curve of any Japanese product prices of evidently reduce as shown in the previous figure. From P1, being the demand of a cross-holding alliance of the market, and P2 the consequent reduction of this model. Quantity produced also lessens from Q1 to Q2 as costs of production are directly proportional to the loss of profit6 with the diminishing prices. Due to price decline, total revenue also decreases as both quantity and price of products decrease considerately. The impacts of this phenomenon on Japanese economy is illustrated with losses of the questioned firms. Between March and September more than 160 shareholding companies lost a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 billion in value. 610 Banks and monetary institutions have also been affected as these companies are part of the essential capital they lend against. Despite the increase in cross-shareholding companies since 2004, the evident economic impact of the â€Å"criss-crossed capitalism† are starting to arise. The Japanese government in response has been working on regulatory measures to prevent this phenomenon future repercussions. Works Cited – * Economic Basis: Demand and Supply. In the internet: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics3.asp, s.t. * Economic Basis: Monopolies, Oligopolies and Perfect Competition, s.t. In the internet: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics6.asp, s.t. * Introduction to economics * WHITTEN, Darrel. Japan: Japan’s System Of Interlocking Shareholdings. In the internet: http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=24335, 2004. 1 A commonly accepted price determination of oligopolists to prevent competition of prices over similar products. 2 When to or more firms3 hold each other shares. 3 Institutions that employ production factors to produce and hence sell goods and services. 4 The resultant economic gains of multiplying the price of a good times the quantity of that good sold (TR=pxq). 5 Similar products with certain differentiations that determine price elasticity of demand. 6 Net income in gains of a businesses activity.